Nge cargo kweli lungelo kukuba kunikelwa
Phantsi ukufaka (kuxhomekeke indawo umthetho ezigunyazisiweyo zengxelo senzo, subpoena kanjalo kwi uphawulo yamandulo Eroma) ngaphandle umhla kwi-mthetho, isimemo ukuze personal Kuvela phambi iqumrhu likarhulumente (igunya okanye inkundla)Kwimeko inkundla imirhumo kubhekiswa kuwo Utshintsho kumhla engelilo Transhipment, lifting ye-ukufaka njengoko Unloading. Igama elithi Subpoena ngu factually kuphela kuba subpoenas ngokuchanekileyo, (forcibly ukuseka enforceable) isemthethweni obligation ukuvela. omnye amagunya okanye iinkundla unako kuphela malunga ngokunxulumene amaxwebhu (oko kukuthi yolawulo izenzo yamkelwa okanye Inkundla izigwebo amatyala), kodwa unako, okanye nkqu kufuneka umamele Abachaphazelekayo. Oku ilungelo enobulungisa kwetyala, kulandela ukusuka inqaku, Isiqendu. omnye AMAGAMA kwaye yi kwalomgaqo-siseko akunjalo kuba no amalungelo. Isigqibo, ngokomthetho amaxwebhu kwi sezolawulo, inkundla kwaye ezinye iingxoxo yi-indlela ngaphandle kwabafundi, ukuba bamele ukuba izaliswa nge ngokusemthethweni bophelela isigqibo, kodwa kobuso Amaqela malunga determination ka-afanelekileyo iinyaniso ayikho ezifunekayo (ezifana kwi-pension inkqubo), u-Amaqela abanalo wabonakala nangona duly summoned (default isihlalo) okanye ebusweni engaqukwanga, ezifana kwimeko isigqibo yinkundla isigqibo. Isigqibo ngoko ke, wabeka ukususela ukubhalwa umgaqo-nkqubo izenzo kakuhle-ezaziwayo iinyaniso kwetyala ukugqiba ngaphandle kwalo mthetho personal luhlomle kuwo, njalo okanye kokuva zamaqela okanye ukuxoxa. Kwi - Unobumba eqhubekayo uphando kukholisa ukuba kunjalo ukuba Suspects babizwa ukuba amapolisa umtyholwa a kwetyala. Kwi-umahluko ukuya kwetyala xa Prosecutor okanye i-ephanda umgwebi, lo mhla, nangona kunjalo, hayi ezigunyazisiweyo.
u-yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho nkqubo
I-summoned Umntu akakwazi ivele, ngokunxulumene isijamani umthetho, compulsory imbonakalo nge amapolisa azivumelekanga, ngaphandle kokuba kukho-matyala isigqibo.
I-summons ukuba eyona kwetyala, isicelo wenkundla, ukuvela ngomhla indawo kunye nexesha libeke inkundla kwetyala. zintathu, ngaphandle kwentlawulo ebotshiwe ukuba akukho ezithile Ifomu, nangona kunjalo, kuba bamthwala ngaphandle njengokuba umthetho ngendlela ebhalwe ifomu kwi-isijamani (§ GVG).
Kwezinye iimeko (umzekelo, kwimeko amapolisa summons, ngokunxulumene lama- we-Federal umthetho kwi amapolisa) inokwenziwa kuba subpoena lomlomo.
A kwentlawulo kungenziwa phantsi threat ukuba kwimeko apho kubekho a ukuqhankqalaza uza kuqhubeka (§ Isiqendu. I-tyala ye Defendant ukuba eyona kokuva kumiselweyo kumgaqo-icandelo yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho nkqubo. Kanjalo iqulathe isilumkiso ukuba kwimeko apho yakhe hayi ebonisa phezulu ngomhla umsebenzi kubekho, lakhe arrest okanye ukuqhankqalaza, threatening (§, Isiqendu. Ngexesha imihla kunye summons ukuba defendant lomthetho isigqibo malunga ivula engundoqo, iingxoxo kukuba kunikwa (§ yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo).
Kanjalo amangqina kwaye ingcaphephe ingaba obliged ukuvela kwi kwentlawulo phambi uluntu Prosecutor kwaye ku kungqina okanye ingxelo yakhe okanye imbono yakhe (§ a Isiqendu.
I-tyala kuba injongo uthelekiso kunye ingqina, ngokunxulumene icandelo yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho nkqubo. Ezikhethekileyo imimiselo enxulumene isaziso ye-absent defendants ziquka § yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo kwaye icandelo le- yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo, isemthethweni Umntu okanye i-Association of abantu, §, Isiqendu. Ngeli xesha kukho isaziso phakathi iinkonzo summons kwaye umhla engundoqo kokuva kufuneka ubuncinane ngeveki (§, Isiqendu. omnye-StPO), kwi-kokusebenza kwentshukumo ekhawulezayo umgaqo-nkqubo, kuphela amabini anane (inqaku Isiqendu. Kwi-kweyethupha ngowama, okanye amangqina ngokungqinelana § Isiqendu. omnye StPO ngu obliged ukuvela kwi kwentlawulo phambi determination abantu uluntu Prosecutor kwaye ku kungqina ukuba kwentlawulo lusekelwe umyalelo uluntu Prosecutor ngu-ofisi.
Nangona kunjalo, akukho ukuze uluntu Prosecutor, kanjalo akukho obligation ukuvela phambi kokuba amapolisa kuba ngamangqina.
I-tyala ukuba penal ekuqaleni ngokungqinelana necandelo lama-amabini anesixhenxe, ulwaphulo-mthetho ukunyanzeliswa umgaqo-nkqubo, isimemo ukuze Convicted umntu, kwisithuba seminyaka ixesha kwi-entolongweni safika, ukuba akunjalo i-ngqo qalisa, ulwaphulo-mthetho kukuba kuthatyathwa. Ukuba abe convicted a custodial esangezelelweyo abantu hayi sele custody, ndiya sichukunyiswe ngale ndlela yi-public Prosecutor njengoko linalo igunya ukunyanzeliswa igunya, Institute othile kwi-zahlukeneyo entolongweni-ingxelo yonyaka.
I-kukho Ityala ngale ndlela, nkqu ukuya ukuvulwa isigwebo, lo ukholisa nesiphumo ukuba waye ngoko nangoko kwi-enjoyment ethile komthetho locker (umzekelo, izindlu unako yiya kwi-i-vula entolongweni).
I-tyala kuba, ulwaphulo-mthetho ukwenza i-uhambo, nangona kunjalo, wenza wenziwe ukuba zenziwe kwi-umthetho, warrant of arrest ngokuchasene Umntu. Emva koko uza kuba okuthe nkqo nge amapolisa kwaye kwimeko impumelelo, wabanjwa waza kwi-entolongweni wachitha entolongweni.
I-summons ukuba kuvela zasekuhlaleni inkqubo ifomu ke, default nika eyeyayo sindululo ukuba inkundla umhla (§ yokuziphatha ka-zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo) kufuneka ziqulathe lawyer u-nkqubo isicelo lokonyula a lawyer (inqaku, Isiqendu.
Inkundla iya ukuze lwesiqu inkangeleko omabini amaqela ukuba oku kuyimfuneko ukuseka iinyaniso (§ Abs. I-tyala ingaba afune ukwaziswa ngayo ukuba umntu ngokwayo, nkqu ukuba sele wonyulwa inkqubo iarhente (§ Abs. I-tyala xesha kwenziwa ngokungqinelana § yokuziphatha ka-zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo kwi-lawyer ke iinkqubo ubuncinane ngeveki, kwezinye iinkqubo kuba ubuncinane iintsuku ezintathu. Inkundla kumiselwe i-ngaphambi koko kuqala umhla wenkundla (§ Isiqendu. u-le ZPO), intshukumo ngu ngexesha elinye kunye kwentlawulo (§ Isiqendu. Kwi-summons ukuba i-oral iingxoxo kukuba kwaziswa malunga zoko a Ukungaphumeleli ukuqwalasela deadline (§§ yokuziphatha ka-zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo icandelo a ye-ZPO). I-ukufundisa ingaba umthetho, landela ukususela §§ ZPO kwaye § hayi. ukuquka ababini i-ZPO (§, Isiqendu. omnye ZPO) A kwentlawulo lwenziwa ngokungqinelana nomgaqo - § yokuziphatha ka-zasekuhlaleni nkqubo. I-summons uya kuba wasebenza kwi-amaqela, nkqu ukuba abonyulelwe inkqubo iarhente (§ Abs. I-tyala phezu determination ka-inkundla umhla yi-clerk ngu-ofisi (§ Isiqendu. omnye ZPO), onjalo kanjalo usebenza kuba summoning amangqina (§, Isiqendu. omnye ZPO) Akukho kweenkonzo ngu arranged, kunokwenzeka kwentlawulo ngumlawuli wesithili inkundla ngaphandle okhethekileyo Ifomu (§, Mat. omnye ZPO) Amanye amalungelo i-tyala ukwazi iindawo. Ngokungqinelana necandelo lama- le-FamFG, inkundla ingayalela personal imbonakalo zamaqela ukuba hlenga-hlengisa i-idinga kwaye uve kuye ngaphandle, ukuba oku kubonakala ngathi ukucacisa iinyaniso afanelekileyo. I-notary sele ukuba kwentlawulo-sicelo kunye namanye Amaqela ukuba kwetyala (§, Isiqendu. Kwi-loluntu kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixeko, owongamelayo umgwebi ingayalela personal inkangeleko elinye Amaqela ukuba kokuva ngokunjalo amangqina kwaye mema ingcaphephe (§ SGG).
Kwi-administrative kolawulo Amaqela kunye ixesha isaziso emibini ubuncinane kwiiveki, Federal yolawulo inkundla ubuncinane kwiiveki ezine, msinyane umhla izimisele kuba kwetyala (§ Abs.
I-tyala yonke imisebenzi Ibhunga amalungu, kuquka nayiphi na substitute amalungu, kunye simultaneous isaziso ka-ajenda ngumzekelo kubalulekile prerequisite kuba abuyele kwimeko efanelekileyo a imisebenzi Ibhunga isigqibo.
A imisebenzi Ibhunga ngu prevented ilungu kuzimasa intlanganiso, yi Lokumema substitute ilungu (§ Abs. omnye misela ezimbini BetrVG). ezine Ngokunxulumene icandelo f ye-ZPO, bailiff ngokumema izithuba ngenjongo nciphisa kwi-asethi ulwazi ukusuka debtor wakhe ishishini. Kwi kulandelwe yolawulo nkqubo inika yi-mandla zamaqela abachaphazelekayo ithuba izimvo phambi isigqibo lwenziwa (§ Abs. Abasemagunyeni baya isigqibo emva kokuba i-oral kwetyala, apho Amaqela bamele kwentlawulo amanyathelo afanelekileyo isaziso ngokubhaliweyo. Xa cargo uya iqaphele ukuba, Kubekho umntu omnye umntu ngaphandle kwakhe kwaye kugqitywe kuyenzeka ukuba bayathetha (§ Abs. I-mandla yenze isigqibo malunga merits yayo yonke sikazwelonke lomgaqo-nkqubo, amayelenqe kulandelwe iinkqubo zokugqibela yolawulo izenzo bokubhala, uya kunikwa ngembalelwano kwaye Amaqela bamele kunikwa (§ Abs. Ukunikezelwa kwentlawulo soloko ezifunekayo (§ yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo, § yokuziphatha ka-zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo, lama- ka-code of administrative umgaqo-nkqubo, icandelo we-FGO okanye icandelo le- ka - SGG) kwaye luxanduva Clerk ye-ukufaka inkundla. Kunye kweenkonzo i-tyala, ngaphandle kwentlawulo ixesha iqala, iphelela ngomhla phambi umhla engundoqo kwetyala. I-kontumaz isigqibo kukuba inkundla isigqibo ngokuchasene umntu othe wasilela ukuvela (Latin kwi-contumaciam). Kwi-Kubekho umtyholwa kwi-main yovavanyo ye-wolwaphulo-nkqubo, nangona kunjalo, ukudliwa imali ibe ekhutshwe isihlalo (inqaku yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo). Ukuziswa imida i-kontumaz isigqibo malunga ezithile izohlwayo (kwimeko a olukhawulezileyo lwemali esangezelelweyo hayi obugqithileyo kuma- yonke imihla esangezelelweyo iiyunithi, isilumkiso nge esangezelelweyo agciniwe, lokuqhuba ban, forfeiture, okanye intshabalalo disablement ngokungqinelana § Isiqendu. omnye ikhowudi, ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo, yedwa okanye icala yi-icala). Nkqu ukuba defendant, umzekelo, ngaphaya koko, intsholongwane yakhe inability ukuya kuma yovavanyo, khusela kule imeko, ukuqhuba engundoqo kwetyala (§ a StPO). Iimfuno kuba zolwaphulo mthetho isihlalo musa tshintsha, nangona kunjalo, umgaqo kwi-dubious pro Reto ihlala afanelekileyo. Kwi-zasekuhlaleni nkqubo, uya ukuthatha Inkundla a kontumazial bazi ukuba kukho umgaqo-nkqubo obandakanyekayo ukuba alifumanisanga wabonakala ekupheleni kwetyala, nangona duly summoned, ngaphandle ngakumbi kokuva kunjalo, wagwetywa intshukumo isicelo (kontumazial umgaqo-nkqubo). zintlanu ezintandathu ngu ukungaphumeleli kuthatha isigwebo ngokuchasene defaulting defendant, leyo yindlela ukuthelekisa oral Isiphumezi-miyalelo ye-plaintiff ayeza kwabelwa ngokusekelwe icandelo yokuziphatha ka-zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo) (. I-plaintiff kwi-kokuva umhla sele kubonakala, nangona kunjalo, ngoko ke yakhe lawsuit ngu dismissed (§ yokuziphatha ka-zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo). I-default umgwebo ekhutshwe phantsi esenziwe lula iimeko, ingakumbi ngaphandle ethabatha ka-ubungqina kwi contested iinyaniso. Ngokungqinelana inqaku ye-Swiss ikhowudi, ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo kukhutshwa a summons yi-public Prosecutor, abasemagunyeni eliphathiswe elitshutshisayo ukuchasa kwaye iinkundla ngokubhaliweyo. Nabani na olilungu ukusuka zolwaphulo mthetho ubulungisa igunya, uthobele summons (aph. yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho inkqubo-CH). Amapolisa unako subpoena kwi-uphando iingxoxo, kubalulekile Imbonakalo linegunya, ngenxa yokuba ngenye indlela, kunye umyalelo wenkundla Prosecutor ngu-ofisi zaziswe zibe (inqaku ama- CPC-CH). Ngokunxulumene Swiss Federal umthetho kwi private wamazwe Ngamazwe (IPRG) kufuneka ibe igcwalisiwe ukuba iqela"duly"(inqaku amabini anesixhenxe, Isiqendu. 'a' IPRG) Le nkqubo kufuneka esa kundoqo imirhumo ye-defendant ukuba alifumanisanga wangena isemthethweni imbambano, ngokufanelekileyo akhululwe, apho unikezelo uya izaliswa kwi ngokufaneleka hlobo, umntu unako ikhusele ngokwayo. Kwi-Austria, ngaphandle kwentlawulo ngokunxulumene § ÖZPO i -"isimemo ukuvela ngomhla inkundla umhla ("tagsatzung")", cargoes bamele azale ukuba amaqela ngexesha i-Ukubhengezwa ukuqeshwa nge inkundla pursuant ukuba § ÖZPO. Bamele kanjalo solicitor ukuthumela (§ ÖZPO).
