Umthetho wepalamente ngu ekudalweni isemthethweni norms
Yakho scheme yinxalenye ubuncinane isiqulatho ngamnye-SisekoNgumsebenzi noxanduva kwi ezasepalamente lwentando yesininzi, ingakumbi Epalamente, njengoko igunya lokuwis umthetho state. Ukongeza kwezi izenzo Epalamente, eziya kanjalo ekubhekiswe kuye njengoko"imithetho kwi-kulandelwe evakalayo", kodwa kukho kanjalo inkqubo ephantsi-mthetho isemthethweni norms, ezifana imigaqo nemimiselo, eziya ube wenziwe yi-administrative imizimba. Apha umbuzo we-icandelo likarhulumente iinkalo zobuchule, ngoko ke xa yolawulo kufuneka, xa, ngumthetho Wepalamente ezifunekayo (ngokulawulwa Act). Kwi-Federal urhulumente, kodwa kufuneka ukongeza kwi-ziko ke competence ingu ezinye umbuzo ube zacaciswa. Nazi eziliqela amanqanaba karhulumente zikho, ngoko ke kufuneka njengalowo, apho ezi iimbumbano kufuneka onoxanduva lokwenza imithetho (i-Association of competence).
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ixeliweyo okhethekileyo-mthetho nkqubo
I-njalo generated isemthethweni norms ingaba yenziwa yi-linalo igunya nolawulo (bona yolawulo competence), kwaye, apho kufanelekileyo, esebenzisa unobumba umthetho controlled. Kwi-Germany, Federal kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwi-ezisisiseko umthetho ilawulwa ngumthetho. Kubalulekile exercised ngokukodwa ngokusebenzisa Bundestag. Nangona kunjalo, Federal Ibhunga, Federal urhulumente kwaye ekugqibeleni Federal Umongameli ingaba obandakanyekayo. I-mthetho competence olukhankanywe apha kwaye nako na ukuthatha imithetho kwi-kulandelwe evakalayo ixesha (izenzo Epalamente).
Ukucandwa kwemida kwi-i-Association competence ye-Länder, ezisisiseko umthetho kuthatha phezulu Ngokubanzi umthetho ka-inqaku AMAGAMA: Ngokunxulumene-Siseko, Länder kuba ilungelo Ukuba legislate insofar njengoko ezisisiseko umthetho alifumanisanga transferred ukuba Confederation (aph.
Isiqendu. Amazwe competencies ingaba ke ngoko hayi ezidweliswe nganye. Quka zakho ezingundoqo indawo, ingakumbi amapolisa mthetho kamasipala nomthetho kwaye intsimi wemfundo nenkcubeko ("yenkcubeko sovereignty ye-Länder"). Ephikisana oku ulawulo, emva isoftwe, amazwe ngabo, ngokulondolozayo, ngenxa numerous ukukhutshelwa a Federal-eyobuhlobo jurisprudence ye-Federal yomgaqo-siseko ekuhambeni kwexesha, isebenziseke budlelwane, detriment lizwe. I-federalism komhlaba, babefuna ukuba ukuphendula. I-Federal urhulumente, kwi-siseko, kuphela unoxanduva xa kuthe osebenzayo ukuvumela kumiselweyo kumgaqo-Siseko. Ulawulo ubugcisa ye-ezisisiseko umthetho - eli lizwe ke competence, ngaphandle kokuba ngenye indlela osebenzayo ukuvumela ezinikezelwe - alibabali unwritten Federal competences. Pursuant ukuba § BVerfGG, Federal yomgaqo-siseko ufumana uthabatha lowiso-mthetho, iimeko apho Oku Federal umthetho kunye ezisisiseko umthetho okanye ilizwe umthetho kunye ezisisiseko umthetho okanye ezinye Federal umthetho: izikhumbuzo kunye umkhosi, umthetho, ayo invalidity.
Kanjalo, ingxelo ukuba necessity a Federal umqathango wama-ayisasebenzi ikhona (aph, Isiqendu. AMAGAMA) endaweni yi-Federal umthetho Kwi-wesixhenxe candelo ezisisiseko umthetho regulated-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo luxanduva Bundestag, njengoko umthetho ngu abachaphazelekayo ibaluleke kakhulu Ziko-Mthetho.
Federal urhulumente, Federal Ibhunga kwaye amalungu Bundestag (ubuncinane ezintlanu ipesenti okanye amaqhekeza) ingaba ilungelo phulo, oko kukuthi, ilungelo angenise umthetho omtsha okanye umthetho kuba Ukutshintshwa okanye ukurhoxiswa omnye umthetho kwe-mthetho usayilwayo ukuba ivoti kwi-Bundestag. I-Bundestag debates imithetho okokuba ukuwa phantsi ezisisiseko umthetho, ayo indawo competence (kwaye na umcimbi kuba amazwe), ezintathu readings. Ngenxa Federal inkqubo kwi-Germany, eziya Länder kwi-Bundesrat kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwaye yonke imithetho ingaba ayingenisileyo, lo mzimba kuba ivoti.
Oku kunokwenziwa - kuxhomekeke uhlobo umthetho - idrafti yomthetho kamasipala emva luphumelele unxulumano lwe conciliation Ikomiti kusilela.
Umthetho sele ophunyezwe - Bundestag kwaye Bundesrat, ezisisiseko umthetho, imithetho umgaqo-nkqubo we-isijamani Bundestag kwaye imithetho umgaqo-nkqubo we-Federal Ibhunga, regulated nkqubo, kuya kuthunyelwa kwi-ishicilelwe ifomu ukuba linalo igunya Federal Ebufundisini kwaye isibali-utyikityo i-Chancellor phambi kokuzalwa ayingenisileyo, Federal Umongameli. Oku sele ukukhangela, nokuba ngaba zingeniswe mthetho luthobela-Siseko kunye nokuba ngaba kungenxa-Siseko. Ekugqibeleni, Federal Umongameli esayiniweyo umthetho, kubalulekile manufactures. Emva koko, kuya kuba kwaziswa kwi-Federal umthetho Gazette formally okuchaza ukuziphatha umhla ngokungena umkhosi (inqaku le- lomthetho ezisisiseko umthetho). I I-legislator ebotshiwe yakhe izigqibo kwi-Siseko (aph, Isiqendu. AMAGAMA) Ke ngoko, lowo sele ukuba qaphela umxholo ezithile norms-Siseko, malunga umthetho umthetho okanye wesizwe injongo imithetho. Ingakumbi, lowo kufuneka ukuqaphela kwalomgaqo-siseko amalungelo, ovumelekileyo ukuba thintela ngumthetho, kodwa hayi kwenzakalisa. Kungenjalo, i-mthetho unconstitutional kwaye boolean, oko kukuthi ineffective. I-nullity inako kuphela eyenziwe Federal yomgaqo-siseko ifunyenwe (Ukwala). Nangona kunjalo, isijamani Umongameli uza kuba awarded uvavanyo ka-competence, emva koko uya kukhanyela kwimeko kulandelwe iimpazamo okanye obvious france-Siseko yi-mthetho ayo, ukusayina, kwaye umthetho, ke ngoko, hayi indlela esebenzayo kusenokuba (ukusayina kwaye liqinisekise ka-imithetho yi-Federal Umongameli).
